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HARVARD, THE PIONEER IN AMERICAN EDUCATION 

It was only six years after the settlement of the Puritans in Boston that they founded Harvard College, which 
was 57 years old when Virginia established the College of William and Mary ia 1693. Harvard's charter of 
1650, still in force, was the flrst of the sort ever granted. Harvard b.gaa training men lor \h3 Christian ministry in 
1721 and became the first American University in 1780, opening its Medical Sthool tie £ollow:ng ycir. Is Law 
School, founded 1817, is the oldest in America. As early as 1825 Harvard began offering special courses and under Pres- 
ident Eliot has developed the elective system into a model which is being widely followed. It has raised the stand- 
ard of professional education by insisting upon a bachelor's degree for admission to its graduate s?hools and ha s met 
the demands of 20th, ceatuiy conditions by being the first to establish a Graduate School of Business Administration. 



SEE BACK COYER 



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parvard Qnivcrsity, exponent of Liberal education 



By WILLIAM WIRT MILLS 
HEN the Puritan, gun in hand, was blazing the way for 
a nation in the face of the hostility of the aborigines, he 
paused three miles inland, in 1636, to found a college 
future liberality was forecasted in the terms of the act of 
eneral Court of Massachusetts Bay Colony, which provided 
nstitution for educating the "English 
and Indian youth in knowledge and Godliness." 

The first building was erected in 1637, in 
Newtowne, and the name w'as changed to Cam- 
bridge. In 1638, John Harvard, a young min- 
ister of Charlestown, died, leaving to the college 
;i/'750 and his library of 300 volumes. This 
gave to the enterprise an effective impulse and 
the name that it has since made world-famous. 

In 1642, nine students were graduated, 
forming the vanguard of an army that has 
grown to 34,000. As early as 1 707, Harvard 
began to burst the bonds of Calvinistic narrow- 
ness and the new spirit of liberality was fostered 
by the terms of the foundation of the Hollis 
chair of divinity in 1721. 

Becoming an -University in 1780, Harvard 
organized faculties of Medicine in 1781, of 
Law in 181 7, of Divinity in 1819, the Law- 
rence Scientific School in 1847, the Graduate 
School of Arts and Sciences in 1872, the Grad- 
uate School of Applied Science in 1906 and 
the Graduate School of Business Administration 
in 1908. But as early as 1822, Harvard took 
up the problem of liberalizing education by 
freeing it from the narrow traditions of the so-called classical 
course, offering since 1825 special lines of study adapted to the 
student's aims and needs. Now, instead of trying to shape all the 
students in one r'gid mould, a wide range of subjects is offered, with 
the rec[uirement that 1 7 complete courses be mastered for the 




JOHN HARVARD, ideal bronze figure by 
Daniel C. French; by side of Memorial Hall 



Copyright, 1908, by MOSES KING 

bachelor's degree. Not less than 4 nor more than 6 courses may 
be taken in a year, and the period of study can not be reduced to 
less than 3^ years. 

While Harvard is still governed by the oldest collegiate char- 
ter in force anywhere in the world, granted in 1 650, it has been 
freed by amendments from narrowing restric- 
tions, and since 1865 has been governed by its 
own alumni, who elect the 30 overseers. The 
President and Fellows of Harvard College, a 
board of 7 men, constitutes the corporation and 
is self-perpetuating, but all vacancies must be 
filled with the consent of the Board of Over- 
seers. This central authority controls every de- 
partment of the university and makes all appoint- 
ments, while the overseers, through 48 com- 
mittees, co-operate with the corporation in en- 
couraging and directing the educational activities. 
In 1907-8, Harvard had 4,012 students, 
besides 1,126 in the summer school and 104 in 
the afternoon and Saturday courses for teachers. 
While opposing the co-educational system, 
Harv^ard fostered the work of the Society for 
the Collegiate Instruction of Women, formed 
in 1879, and resulting in the founding of Rad- 
cliffe College, which was put under the control 
of Harvard in I 894. 

The university plant now occupies over 
3,000 acres, including 80 in Cambridge^ 63 in 
Boston, devoted to athletics; 1 1 acres in Boston, 
occupied by the Medical School; 394 acres for ap- 
plied biology, arboriculture, horticulture and allied subjects, in Jamaica 
Plain, Boston 5 500 acres on Squam Lake, N. H., the summer 
engineering camp ; 2,000 acres, the Harvard Forest, at Petersham, 
Mass., for field work in forestry, and the Arequipa Astronomical 
Observatory, in Peru, with 8 meteorologic^jl stations on the Andes. 




MEMORIAL HALL, ^uincy St., Cambridge to Kirkland, erected by Alumni, 1870-765 cost $400,000; includes Sanders Theatre, apsidal 
hall seating 1,500, for commencements; Memorial Transept, 115 feet long, groined roof 58 ft. high, walls lined with marble tablets bearing 
records Harvard men who died in Civil War; Dining Hall, 164x60 ft., timber roof 80 ft. high, seats 1,320; Tower, 200 ft.; clock, gift Class '72. 




MASSACHUSETTS HALL, in College Yard, right of Johnson Gate; erected i 71 8-20 by the Pio\'ince, cost^^3,500; oldest of three-score 
buildings in Cambridge occupied by University; with Harvard, Hollis and Holden Halls used as quarters for Continental Army during Revolu- 
tion, the College moving to Concord; formerly a dormitory; now contains lecture halls and rooms for students' meetings; interesting relic. 




WARVARD HALL in Co.ie.e Yard, left of Johnson Gate^ erected 1672 by contributions of New England towns; destroyed 1764 by fire 
^^tl^mfdTohn krvard's iW except th ck Puritan folio, "The Christian Warfare," now preserved in Umvers.ty Library ; rebuilt by 
Se Tovrce' V66^Ld for L^^ rooms and libraries of classical philology, economics and history; notable collection of Amencana. 




If. X^L.!Ya ^ t ""f ' T-^ ^^ '" "■'^' "'"''^^ ' ^ ' 5 by Massachusetts; designed by Charles Bulfinch; administrative offices 

..fa .cholasfc body of 566 professors and instructors; i zz secretaries, curators and other officers, and over 4,000 students; headquarters of a cor- 
poration admm.stenng ^20,000,000 >n trust funds and educational plants valued at ^30,000,000 Charles William Eliot, President since 1869. 







i—MT-- ^ ^^^^ — ^1 _h. Jntprinr remodeled. 'q<;: contains Univcrsitv 

ri*nT7f;!"gra phs, coins; Harvard hasaiso lo departmental and .8 special reference libranes contammg 300,000 vols. Wn,. C. Lane, L.brar.an. 




fooo cosf r.^o too Boan^cTM V^,^ ^.^i^^^^^' Divinity Ave.; north wing of University Museun.; fd. .859; additions, X869- 
PeaboW Museum ^fAmfra^^ and Geological Museums, central section, including Ware collection of glass models of flowers; 

Peabody Museum of Amencan Archaeology, south w,ng, fd. 1866. FOGG ART MUSEUM Yard; ^220,000 gift of Mrs. Elizabeth Fogg. 




STILLMAN INFIRMARY, Mt. Auburn St.; gift of Jas. Stillman. HARVARD DENTAL SCHOOL, fd. 1867; opp. Medical School. 
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL, Fenway,Boston; founded 1 781 in Harvard Hall; moved to Boston 18 105 ^3,000,000 marble halls erctd. 
1906, three by J. P. Morgan, one each by Mrs. C. P. Huntington and David Sears; ^i,ooo,oco endowment by John D. Rockefeller; etc. 




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?e occupied by Harvard, besides many private dormitories and homes of college societies. View of Yard from Grays (dormitory, 1863), showing Class 
I from left to centre. Holden Chapel (1744), behind Mollis. Holw^orthy at other end of quadrangle. Thayer behind University Hall, light building on right, 
seum, Boylston, Sever, Robinson, Emerson, Brooks House, President's Residence, two homes of professors. Photo Copyright, 1904, by Elmer ChJckering. 




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NEW WELD BOAT HOUSE, erec.i9075i,25olockers; 88 shells. 'VARSITY AND NEWELL BOAT HOUSE, Charles River. 
STADIUM, Soldiers' Field, Boston, across Charles River; concrete structure erected 1904 by Class of ' 79 and Athletic Assn. ; cost, ^300,000; 



SCJiK^ 2^,000; 



acoustics perfect; Class Day exercises and Greek play held here. Athletic Field i,nven by Poet Longfellow and Col. H. L. Higginson. 




A. D. CLUBHOUSE, Mass. Avenue. NEW PI ETA HOUSE, Winthrop Square. HASTY PUDDING CLUB, Holyoke St. 
HARVARD UNION, Harvard St., Quincy to Prescott; *-uilt 1901 by Col, H. L. Higginson^ club open to every member of the University^ 
centre of college life; grill; training tables for athletes; offices of student publications; meeting rooms; "Union night," each Tuesday. 




RADCLIFFE COLLEGE, Garden Stivrt, west of Yard; opposite- the Common- founded 1879- affiliated with Hai\ard 1894- for higher 
•education of women; i 12 instructor^; 468 students, 900 graduates; endowment, $4150,000; seven buildings; Le Baron R. Briggs, President. 
HARVARD Sf^UARE, where Mass. Ave. turns at s.w. cor. of Yard; Harvard Co-Operative Society, f'ded. '82; right, College House, 1832. 




CRAIGIE HOUSE, home of Longfellow. ELM, where Washington took command. ELMWOOD, home Jas. R. Lowell, 1760. 
WEST BOSTON BRIDGE, over Chirles River from Cambridge St., Boston^ Harvard Bridge, from Back Bay district at left; view of Cam- 
bridge, city of 100,000 inhabitants; founded 1630; first printing press in America set up here 1639; manufactures, ^45,000,000 annually. 




OCT £ ^m-n 



Landmarks in [harvard's History 



BESIDES the chief dates, already given, which mark the 
development of a broad and liberal university system, the 
chronoloj.'v of Harvard brist'es with the records of beginnings 
that have combined to make the institution what it is to-day. 

The Institute of 1770, founded to encourage oratory, but now 
a social organization, helped to make Harvard a potent patriotic 
force and earned for it the fine praise of the Royalists, who dubbed 
it "the hot-bed of sedition." The Porcellian Club ( 1791) is the 
oldest surviving social organizatijn. The Hasty Pudding Club was 
founded in 1795. The Pierian Sodality, formed in 1806, is the 
oldest American musical society. The Musical Association was 
established in '37 and the Glee Club in '58. 

The Botanic Garden, founded in 1807, and the Natural 
History Society' (1837) marked the early trend of Harvard toward 
the recognition of the sciences as essential to a liberal education. 

As early as 1840 the Alumni Association was formed; the 
Harvard Chicago Club in 1857 was first of 38 similar societies. 

The Astronomical Observatory was founded in 1843 for 
research. The Warren Anatomical Museum begun in 1799 by 
Samuel Warren, was taken over by the University in '47. In 1848 
Prof. Louis Agassiz introduced the laboratory method of teaching 
the sciences, Boylston Chemical Laboratory was opened in 18575 
Museum of Comparative Zoology, '59; Peabody Museum of 
Archaeology and Ethnology, 66; Bussey Institute of Agriculture 
and Horticulture, '70; Arnold Arboretum, '72; Jefferson Physical 
Laboratory, '84; Semitic Museum. '89; Psychological Laboratory, 
'91; Fogg Muse-' m of Art, '95; Min ralogical and Metallurgical 
Laboratory, '98; Pierce Engineering Laboratory and Nelson Robin- 
son Jr. Hall of Architecture, 1901; Germanic Museum, '02. 



Haivard is rich in opportunities for the students to earn their 
vvay. $135,000 is distributed each year in prizes, scholarships and 
fellowships. The Appointments Offic", organized 1887, in 1906-7 
secured over 1,450 temporary jobs for students and permanent 
positions for graduates to the annual value of over $450,000. 

The cost of living at Harvard is reduced by the Co-operative 
Society, organized 1 882, the Dining^ Association, which supplies 
table board for 1,300 students in Memorial Hall at $4 a week, 
and the Randall Hall Association, which cares for 800 at $3 a 
week. The minumum cost of a year at Harvard is estimated 
at $362; $454 is considered moderate, and $569 liberal. 

There are five undergraduate publications, the oldest, The 
Advocate, founded 1866, being issued fortnightlyj The 
1 7 3 as a semi- 



Crimson, established 



monthly, now 

poon ('76) the Monthly ('85 

and Illustrated Magazine ('99). 




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